Establishing operations are often associated with which of the following?

Establishing operations are crucial in the context of behavior analysis as they refer to environmental or situational variables that influence the value of a reinforcer and, consequently, the likelihood of a behavior occurring. These operations can either increase or decrease motivation to engage in specific behaviors.

When an establishing operation occurs, it often enhances the value of a reinforcer and creates a motivating state, prompting the individual to engage in a specific behavior that they may not have otherwise considered. For example, if an individual is deprived of water, the value of drinking water increases, thus increasing the motivation to find and consume water.

Additionally, changes in the environment can serve to establish operations. For instance, if a new item or event is introduced that increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer, this would also serve to motivate a person to engage in related behaviors.

In essence, establishing operations encompass a combination of motivational factors and environmental changes that work together to influence behavior. Therefore, the choice that indicates both aspects accurately reflects the complexities of how these variables interact to facilitate behavioral responses.