Motivating operations are additions to which behavior analysis model?

The correct answer is that motivating operations are additions to the three-term contingency model. This model consists of three components: the antecedent, the behavior, and the consequence. Motivating operations serve as an additional layer that influences the effectiveness of both the antecedents and the consequences.

Motivating operations can alter the value of a reinforcer or punisher, thereby affecting the behavior that follows. For example, if a person is hungry (an establishing operation), food becomes a more potent reinforcer, which increases the likelihood of behaviors that lead to food access. In this way, motivating operations provide context that affects how antecedents and behaviors interact and how consequences are processed.

The other models mentioned do not include motivating operations. The two-term contingency consists solely of a stimulus and response, lacking the complexity introduced by adding motivating operations. The four-term and five-term contingencies extend the model by introducing additional components, such as discriminative stimuli or generalized conditioned reinforcers, but they still build off the foundational three-term contingency structure. Thus, it's essential to understand that the inclusion of motivating operations enhances the traditional three-term model by accounting for the influences that context and conditions have on behavior.